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Pixel Buffer

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Functions

Pixbuf*pixbuf_create (...)
Pixbuf*pixbuf_copy (...)
Pixbuf*pixbuf_trim (...)
Pixbuf*pixbuf_convert (...)
voidpixbuf_destroy (...)
pixformat_tpixbuf_format (...)
uint32_tpixbuf_width (...)
uint32_tpixbuf_height (...)
uint32_tpixbuf_size (...)
uint32_tpixbuf_dsize (...)
const byte_t*pixbuf_cdata (...)
byte_t*pixbuf_data (...)
uint32_tpixbuf_format_bpp (...)
uint32_tpixbuf_get (...)
voidpixbuf_set (...)

A pixel buffer (Pixbuf) is a memory area that represents a grid of color dots or pixels. They allow direct access to information but are not optimized for drawing on the screen, so we must create an Image object to view them. They are very efficient for procedural generation or the application of filters, since reading or writing a value does not require more than accessing its position within the buffer.

All operations on pixel buffers are performed on the CPU. They are efficient to the extent that we directly access memory, but they cannot be compared with alternatives that use the GPU for digital image processing.

1. Pixel formats

The format refers to how the value of each pixel is encoded within the buffer (Table 1) (Figure 1).

  • Use pixbuf_format to get the pixel format.
  • Use pixbuf_format_bpp to get the number of bits wanted for each pixel.
  • Table 1: Pixel formats.
    Value Description
    ekRGB24 True color +16 million simultaneous, 24 bits per pixel.
    ekRGBA32 True color with alpha channel (transparencies), 32 bits per pixel.
    ekGRAY8 256 shades of gray, 8 bits per pixel.
    ekINDEX1 Indexed, 1 bit per pixel.
    ekINDEX2 Indexed, 2 bits per pixel.
    ekINDEX4 Indexed, 4 bits per pixel.
    ekINDEX8 Indexed, 8 bits per pixel.
    Different byte arrays with pixel data.
    Figure 1: (a) True color, (b) shades of gray, (c) indexed.

2. Procedural images

One way to "fill" buffers is through algorithms that calculate the value of each pixel. A clear example is found in the representation of fractal sets (Figure 2), an area of ​​mathematics dedicated to the study of certain dynamic systems. In Fractals you have the complete application.

  • Use pixbuf_data to get a pointer to the contents of the buffer.
  • Use pixbuf_set to write the value of a pixel.
  • Use pixbuf_get to read the value of a pixel.
  • Representation of a Julia set.
    Figure 2: Julia set. Pixel-pixel generated image using fractal algorithms.

While pixbuf_set and pixbuf_get allow safe pixel manipulation, it may sometimes be necessary to get a little extra in terms of performance. In (Listing 1) we have some macros for direct access to the memory area returned by pixbuf_data. Use them with great care and knowing what you are doing, since they do not have error control methods, so segmentation failures are likely if they are not used correctly.

Listing 1: Quick macros for manipulating a buffer type ekINDEX1 (1 bit per pixel).
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#define pixbuf_get1(data, x, y, w)\
    (uint32_t)((data[((y)*(w)+(x))/8] >> (byte_t)(((y)*(w)+(x))%8)) & 1)

#define pixbuf_set1(data, x, y, w, v)\
{\
    register byte_t *__ob = data + (((y)*(w))+(x))/8;\
    register byte_t __op = (byte_t)((((y)*(w))+(x))%8);\
    *__ob &= ~(1 << __op);\
    *__ob |= ((v) << __op);\
}

3. Copy and conversion

During the digital processing of an image, we may have to chain several operations, so it will be useful to be able to make copies of the buffers or format conversions.

  • Use pixbuf_copy to make a copy.
  • Use pixbuf_convert to convert to another format (Table 2).
  • Table 2: Conversion between formats.
    Source Destiny Observations
    RGB24 RGB32 Alpha channel is added with the value 255
    RGB32 RGB24 Alpha channel is removed with possible loss of information.
    RGB(A) Gray RGB channels are weighted at a ratio of 77/255, 148/255, 30/255. Alpha channel is lost.
    Gray RGB(A) RGB channels (gray, gray, gray) are duplicated. Alpha channel to 255.
    RGB(A) Indexed The smallest distance between each pixel and the palette is calculated. Possible loss of information.
    Indexed RGB(A) The palette will be used to obtain each RGBA value.
    Indexed Indexed If the destination has a lower number of bits, out = in % bpp will be applied with possible loss of information.
    Gray Indexed The Gray8 format will be considered indexed for all purposes.
    Indexed Gray The Gray8 format will be considered indexed for all purposes.

pixbuf_create ()

Create a new pixel buffer.

Pixbuf*
pixbuf_create(const uint32_t width,
              const uint32_t height,
              const pixformat_t format);
width

Width.

height

Height.

format

Pixel format.

Return

The buffer pixel.

Remarks

Initial content will be undefined.


pixbuf_copy ()

Create a copy of the pixel buffer.

Pixbuf*
pixbuf_copy(const Pixbuf *pixbuf);
pixbuf

The original buffer.

Return

The copy.


pixbuf_trim ()

Crop a buffer pixel.

Pixbuf*
pixbuf_trim(const Pixbuf *pixbuf,
            const uint32_t x,
            const uint32_t y,
            const uint32_t width,
            const uint32_t height);
pixbuf

The original buffer.

x

X coordinate of the upper-left pixel.

y

Y coordinate of the upper-left pixel.

width

Number of pixels wide.

height

Number of pixels high.

Return

A new buffer pixel with clipping.

Remarks

The function does not check that the limits are valid. You will get a segmentation error in such cases.


pixbuf_convert ()

Change the format of a buffer pixel.

Pixbuf*
pixbuf_convert(const Pixbuf *pixbuf,
               const Palette *palette,
               const pixformat_t oformat);
pixbuf

The original buffer.

palette

Color palette required for certain conversions.

oformat

Result buffer format.

Return

The converted buffer.

Remarks

See Copy and conversion.


pixbuf_destroy ()

Destroy the buffer.

void
pixbuf_destroy(Pixbuf **pixbuf);
pixbuf

The buffer. It will be set to NULL after the destruction.


pixbuf_format ()

Get the pixel format.

pixformat_t
pixbuf_format(const Pixbuf *pixbuf);
pixbuf

The buffer.

Return

The format.

Remarks

See Pixel formats.


pixbuf_width ()

Get the width of the buffer.

uint32_t
pixbuf_width(const Pixbuf *pixbuf);
pixbuf

The buffer.

Return

Width.


pixbuf_height ()

Get the height of the buffer.

uint32_t
pixbuf_height(const Pixbuf *pixbuf);
pixbuf

The buffer.

Return

Height.


pixbuf_size ()

Get the buffer size (in pixels).

uint32_t
pixbuf_size(const Pixbuf *pixbuf);
pixbuf

The buffer.

Return

Width x height.


pixbuf_dsize ()

Gets the buffer size (in bytes).

uint32_t
pixbuf_dsize(const Pixbuf *pixbuf);
pixbuf

The buffer.

Return

Number of total bytes in the buffer.


pixbuf_cdata ()

Gets a read-only pointer to the contents of the buffer.

const byte_t*
pixbuf_cdata(const Pixbuf *pixbuf);
pixbuf

The buffer.

Return

Pointer to the first element.

Remarks

Correctly manipulating the buffer requires knowing the Pixel formats and sometimes using the operators at the bit level. Use pixbuf_get to correctly read a pixel.


pixbuf_data ()

Gets a read/write pointer to the contents of the buffer.

byte_t*
pixbuf_data(Pixbuf *pixbuf);
pixbuf

The buffer.

Return

Pointer to the first element.

Remarks

Correctly manipulating the buffer requires knowing the Pixel formats and sometimes using the operators at the bit level. Use pixbuf_get to correctly read a pixel.


pixbuf_format_bpp ()

Gets bits per pixel based on format.

uint32_t
pixbuf_format_bpp(const pixformat_t format);
format

The format.

Return

Bits per pixel.

Remarks

See Pixel formats.


pixbuf_get ()

Get the value of a pixel.

uint32_t
pixbuf_get(const Pixbuf *pixbuf,
           const uint32_t x,
           const uint32_t y);
pixbuf

The buffer.

x

Pixel x-coordinate.

y

Pixel y coordinate.

Return

The color value.

Remarks

See Pixel formats to correctly interpret the value.


pixbuf_set ()

Sets the value of a pixel.

void
pixbuf_set(Pixbuf *pixbuf,
           const uint32_t x,
           const uint32_t y,
           const uint32_t value);
pixbuf

The buffer.

x

Pixel x-coordinate.

y

Pixel y coordinate.

value

The color value.

Remarks

See Pixel formats to correctly interpret the value.

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